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=Open research data and methods=
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==Executive summary==
THIS POLICY FOR OPEN ACCESS to Research Data and Methods supports the "Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025" and its overarching principle  that research should be as open as possible and as closed as necessary. This policy builds on extensive national and international work and dialogue. It has been
drawn up by the Finnish research community and coordinated by National Coordination for Open Science and Research (the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies).

The policy focuses on the openness of research data, methods, and infrastructures. It views openness as an element of research "quality" and "impact" across the full life cycle of research and as an opportunity to advance global inclusivity in research. It considers research data and methods as independent research outputs, and generally encourages opening up the research process as early and widely as possible, and requests that limitations to openness should be justified. Existing frameworks, such as the "FAIR principles", can be used to regulate the level of openness for research data and various types of methods. 

All fields of higher education and research are covered by this policy. The diversity across fields forms challenges for translating and implementing best practices. The policy emphasises general principles of responsible management of research resources, access to appropriate services, and responsible research evaluation.   These guiding principles have been formulated as specific objectives and actions for researchers, research and funding organisations, and other actors. The Open Science Coordination at the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies will monitor the implementation and further development of this policy as part of the national open science monitoring programme.

==Policy objective==

Research data and methods are as open as possible and as closed as necessary. The data is managed appropriately with the aim of implementing the FAIR principles[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-1]]. Research methods and research data are identified as independent research outputs.

==Introduction==
This Policy for Open Access to Research Data and Methods consists of two policy components that were published in 2021–2023 by the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies, and focus on research data and research methods and infrastructures, respectively.
Openness and good management of research resources – including data, methods and infrastructures – support the key goals of research quality and impact. These broad concepts may emphasise different aspects in different disciplines. On a general level, openness allows broad dissemination and more efficient verification and reuse, increasing the availability, trustworthiness, and efficiency of research beyond traditional conventions[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-2]]. This can be supported by the FAIR principles, which provide a systematic framework for defining and implementing the appropriate level of openness and for assessing it as part of responsible research evaluation. Openness can strengthen various aspects of research quality, including for instance integrity and credibility, reproducibility and verifiability, and translatability of research into new uses. These objectives are challenged by technical bottlenecks as well as the continuous, iterative processual nature of methods development and application, which is often inseparable from research and innovation. Increased openness can thus support the transparency of the entire research process. Openness can also increase the impact of research on research practice as well as on society at large, including for instance enhanced accessibility, transparency, speed, efficiency, or new opportunities for collaboration, development and innovation. Openness is thus a component of research quality and impact.

Researchers and research organisations (see Glossary) can benefit from openness based on increased visibility and impact of their work. Openness can remove barriers to access and promote inclusivity and equal access to knowledge worldwide by facilitating interdisciplinary research as well as global equality and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-3]]. It can advance collaborative knowledge creation and the emergence of new innovations. In order to implement equality both on a national and an international level, funders and research organisations should promote openness of research in an economically sustainable way. Open methods and infrastructures should be non-profit oriented but they may include minimal maintenance costs for research use. Organisations should encourage and support researchers in adopting and promoting open practices in all fields of research. This includes both technical support and resources as well as social aspects of recognition and incentives. Scholarly publishers and funders increasingly require that researchers provide open access to their data and methods in connection to good practices in the management of research resources. An example of this is Science Europe’s guideline "Practical Guide to the International Alignment of Research Data Management"[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-4]]. Moreover, the development and adoption of improved citation practices concerning data, methods and infrastructures can further incentivize and support openness [[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-5]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-6]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-7]].

This policy builds on the extensive national and international work towards promoting the openness of research data, methods, and infrastructures. In line with international guidelines, this policy recommends that research and funding organisations, learned societies, publishers and editorial boards should adopt policies that require and advance open access to research.[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-8]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-9]]. Relevant summaries of this work are, among others, "UNESCO recommendation on open science"[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-10]] (2022), "CERN open science policy"[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-11]] , "EU Open Science Policy"[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-12]], (2019), the plan drawn up by the Association of European Research Universities, "Open Science and its Role in Universities: A Roadmap for Cultural Change"[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-13]], (2018), the final report published by the European Commission, "Minimum conditions supporting research reproducibility"[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-13]], "Turning FAIR into Reality. Final report and action plan from the European Commission expert group on FAIR data", (2018), and "Six Recommendations for Implementation of FAIR Practice" (2020) [[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-14]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-15]]. The operating environment is further shaped by current and future EU regulation on the openness of data, e.g. the Open Data Directive. The Finnish research community participates in the creation of common international practices in this swiftly growing and developing area and ensures that the Finnish policy reflects international development. Finnish operators actively participate in European and international work, e.g. in the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), the Research Data Alliance (RDA), International Science Council Committee on Data (CODATA) communities,  and European research infrastructure work[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-16]]. The Finnish research community participates actively in a dialogue where it can support the openness of research and contribute to the creation of practical solutions in national and international cooperation.

This policy generally encourages researchers and research organisations to open up the research process – including data, methods and infrastructures – as early and widely as possible[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-17]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-18]]. Early dissemination can help researchers to establish priority and to receive timely feedback to improve the work, thus increasing the overall research quality and impact. As a general rule, researchers should justify limitations to the openness of data and methods underlying published research and expert statements, and not limit openness more than necessary. 

==Freedom of research and the responsibility of the researcher==

This policy supports the principles of open science as well as researchers’ freedom and possibilities to distribute and utilise research-based knowledge across the full life cycle of research. Researchers and research organisations are responsible for carrying out and disseminating research of the best possible quality and impact, and they have the right and freedom to choose the approaches that best serve these goals. This includes responsible management and openness of data, methods and infrastructures, which must be evaluated in the context of the research domain and lifecycle. As an element of research quality and impact, openness is therefore compatible with the freedom of research and the intellectual and other rights of a researcher. [[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-19]] 

Responsible openness is an essential aspect of research integrity[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-20]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-21]]. Open research practices raise significant questions related to research integrity and legislation. These may imply restrictions, of which researchers and others working with the management of research data, methods, and infrastructures must be aware. Whereas legislative, ethical, contractual or other restrictions and ambiguities can limit openness, good research practice justifies such limitations. Limitations to openness should not be justified merely by established traditions, and funders and research organisations should generally encourage and support the adoption of good open research practices across fields[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-22]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-23]]. 

The Finnish legislation supports broad availability of research data and methods for commercial purposes[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-24]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-25]]. Open research data, methods and infrastructures provide new opportunities for governmental and industrial actors to benefit from research. This policy supports national recommendations for open science [[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-26]] in collaboration with non-academic partners, including governmental and non-governmental organisations, companies, and commercialization[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-27]]. Limitations on commercial use are not compliant with the open source definition; non-commercial clauses in open licences do not qualify as open access and shall be generally avoided[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-28]]. Industrial collaboration, commercialization, and other development and innovation activities may, however, also create the need and justification to limit the level of openness[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-29]] . Researchers are hence responsible for seeking solutions that are compatible with the overarching principle “"as open as possible, as closed as necessary"”, and research organisations should provide the necessary support and incentives for the responsible opening of research resources. 

Funders and research organisations should evaluate openness according to the guidelines on responsible research evaluation[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-30]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-31]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-32]],[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-33]] based on the overall research quality and impact. Recognizing the diversity of research and paying attention to variations in the type, life-cycle, and role of data and methods in different disciplines are critical factors in responsible evaluation[[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-34]]. The different roles related to the development and use of open practices at different stages of research should be recognized, and merit mechanisms can be designed to reward operators at different levels from individuals to teams, units, and entire organisations. 

==Risks and threats==
The responsible management of research acknowledges that opening up research resources and combining proprietary and open platforms brings up juridical (e.g. contractual) questions as well as the legal protection of researchers and research subjects. Choosing the appropriate degree of openness should be well informed. When there are ethical, legal, or other transparent and justifiable limitations that prevent the opening of data, methods or infrastructures, it is important to describe the resources as transparently as possible, for instance by releasing metadata or other descriptions of the research design. Access to clear definitions, guidelines and support services that take into account discipline-specific differences and economic sustainability can facilitate the openness of research. Researchers may face risks of declining funding and publishing difficulties if research data and methods cannot be opened as planned.

Certain types of research data or methods can be openly used based on established community norms . However, researchers and research organisations can remarkably increase the level of openness and clarify the reuse rights by granting explicit permissions for reuse. In some fields, this can be achieved through open licences, allowing the sharing of derivative versions of source code, software, or protocols, for instance . The concept of ownership may vary across research fields, however; in some fields, sharing and reuse may be broadly allowed by community norms rather than explicit licences or permissions. Researchers may also find it challenging to define the boundary between protection and these issues can be beyond the expertise of an individual researcher. The FAIR principles can be used to set the balance between openness and protection of data and methods when necessary. 

A Data Management Plan (DMP)  is a tool required by many research funders and research organisations. It supports the systematic planning, definition, and management of the level of openness of data, methods, and infrastructures, starting from the early stages of the research life cycle, and it should be actively maintained and updated as necessary during research. A DMP facilitates risk assessment, and it includes accessible justifications for possible limitations to the level of openness. The research community, together with the research ethical committees , could benefit from the development of general guidelines on how the openness of data, methods and infrastructures can be advanced as part of responsible research and reconciled with the other aspects of research integrity, such as the need to protect research subjects or control dual use of technology, for instance. 
The advancement of open research practices also relies on the available resources. The lack of resources, skills, services or infrastructures may challenge open practices. Researchers should have the necessary skills and support to apply open research practices.  Research organisations must secure the availability of sufficient support, incentives, and resources for opening up data, methods, and infrastructures in a way that respects the work and equality of the researchers, and facilitates efficient and collaborative knowledge creation. The implementation of responsible conduct of research and good management of research resources requires resources and economic incentives targeted towards research organisations during the entire lifecycle of research and across all levels of education. Organisations in different roles should commit to the development and maintenance of such resources; a parallel investment in services will promote more efficient utilisation of the resources and create savings.

==Structure and background of the policy==
This policy has been drawn up by the Finnish research community. The progress has been the responsibility of two working groups assembled by the expert group on open data at the National Coordination for Open Science and Research (the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies). The work has been directed by the National Open Science and Research Steering Group. The policy supports the Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025. 

[[EN-Kansallinen linjaustyo.jpg| 1000px | alt=A pyramid represents the policy strucuture with the Declaration for open science and research at the top. The next level consists of policies and the base is recommendations. The policy level mentions the following: Policy on open access to scholarly publications, Policy on open education and educational resources, and Polic on the culture of open scholarship. The focus is on the Policy on open access to research data and methods, which consists of strategic principles and the policy components on open access to research data and open access to research methods.]] <br/>
Figure 1. National policy work for open science and research. The national declaration for open science and research is complemented by specific policies and further guidelines in the form of recommendations. The policy on open access to research data and methods consists of two policy components that cover research data and research methods and infrastructures, respectively. 

This policy consists of general strategic principles and the two policy components in which more specific objectives and actions have been outlined. The strategic principles describe general preconditions for the pursuit of open access to research data, methods and infrastructures. They formulate principles that are important for the research community and must be adhered to when implementing openness. The specific objectives listed in the policy components comprise more time-bound and measurable objectives to support and advance openness. The objectives are accompanied by concrete actions that are required to achieve the objectives. The changing international environment affects the objectives and the related actions more quickly than the principles. 
The relevant vocabulary differs across research fields and the terms, definitions, and translations vary greatly in legislation and context. The Glossary (see Appendix 1) clarifies key terminology and aims to support the overall readability and comprehensibility of this policy document. 


==Implementation and monitoring==
The implementation of this policy is the responsibility of the entire Finnish research community, and the policy will come into effect gradually. The policy component on open access to research data was completed in spring 2021, and the policy component on research methods in 2023. The entire policy, including the two policy components, will be reviewed no later than 2025. 

The evaluation of the implementation of this policy should embrace the diversity across research fields while encouraging early, broad, and responsible openness and long-term availability. Research organisations should support researchers in implementing this policy, and disseminating and adopting good practices across disciplines. Research data and methods can be also considered as independent research outputs that can support the overall research quality and impact.
The monitoring of the implementation of the policy is the responsibility of the Open Science Coordination at the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies. It is the Coordination’s responsibility to support and promote continuous discussion in order to reach the objectives and to keep the policy up to date. The monitoring mechanisms for the openness of research data, methods and infrastructures will be part of the national open science monitoring programme that is being developed.

==Strategic principles==
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=Literature=

==International sources==

Ayris, Paul; López de San Román, Alea; Maes, Katrien; Labastida, Ignasi (2018): [https://www.leru.org/publications/open-science-and-its-role-in-universities-a-roadmap-for-cultural-change ''Open Science and its Role in Universities: A Roadmap for Cultural Change'']. League of European Research Universities (LERU).

Ball, A. (2014). [https://www.dcc.ac.uk/guidance/how-guides ''DCC How-to Guides: How to License Research Data'']. Digital Curation Centre, Edinburgh.  

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission (2018): ''Turning FAIR into Reality. Final report and action plan from the European Commission expert group on FAIR data''. [https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/1524 doi.org/10.2777/1524].

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission  (2018): ''Prompting an EOSC in Practice. Final report and recommendations of the Commission 2nd High Level Expert Group on the European Open Science Cloud''. [https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/112658 doi.org/10.2777/112658].
 
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission (2016): [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/oa_pilot/h2020-hi-oa-data-mgt_en.pdf ''Guidelines on Fair Data Management in Horizon 2020''].

[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FI/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32019L1024 Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council on open data and the re-use of public sector information].

FORCE11 Group: [https://www.force11.org/fairprinciples ''Guiding Principles for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable Data Publishing'']. 

Rans, J and Whyte, A. (2017). [https://www.dcc.ac.uk/guidance/how-guides ''Using RISE, the Research Infrastructure Self-Evaluation Framework'']. Digital Curation Centre, Edinburgh.

RDA FAIR Data Maturity Model Working Group (2020): ''FAIR Data Maturity Model: specification and guidelines''. Research Data Alliance. [https://doi.org/10.15497/RDA00045 doi.org/10.15497/RDA00045].

RRI-Practice: ''“What is RRI?”''. https://www.rri-practice.eu/about-rri-practice/what-is-rri/.

Science Europe (2018): [https://www.scienceeurope.org/media/jezkhnoo/se_rdm_practical_guide_final.pdf ''“Practical Guide to the International Alignment of Research Data Management”''].

Springer Nature: [https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/data-availability-statements/12330880 ''“Data Availability Statements”''].

[https://www.ukri.org/files/legacy/documents/concordatonopenresearchdata-pdf/ ''UK Concordat on Open Research Data''] (2016).

UNESCO (2020). [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374409.locale=en.page=10 ''First draft of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science''.]

==Finnish sources==

[https://www.fsd.tuni.fi/en/services/data-management-guidelines/ ''Data Management Guidelines'']. Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive (maintenance and production). urn:nbn:fi:fsd:V-201504200001.

Finnish Committee for Research Data (2018):  [http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201804106446 ''Tracing Data: Data citation roadmap for Finland''].

Fuchs, S. & Kuusniemi, M. E. (2018): ''Making a research project understandable – Guide for data documentation''. [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1914401 doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1914401].

[https://avointiede.fi/en/policies/policies-open-science-and-research-finland/open-science-and-research-initiative Key policies and publications of the Open Science and Research project (Avoin tiede ja tutkimus -hanke, 2014–2017).]

Open Science Coordination in Finland, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (2019): ''Open access to scholarly publications. National Policy and executive plan by the research community in Finland for 2020–2025 (1): Policy component for open access to journal and conference articles''. Responsible Research Series 3:2019. [https://doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995343].

Open Science Coordination in Finland, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (2020): ''Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025''. Responsible Research Series 3:2020. [https://doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995251 DOI: doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995251].

Parland-von Essen, J., Fält, K., Maalick, Z., Alonen, M., & Gonzalez, E. (2018). ''Supporting FAIR data: Categorization of research data as a tool in data management''. Informaatiotutkimus, 37(4). [https://doi.org/10.23978/inf.77419 doi.org/10.23978/inf.77419].

Tuuli Project (2019): ''Additional instructions for planning the management of sensitive and confidential data''. [Zenodo] [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247282 doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247282].

UNIFI (2018): [https://www.unifi.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/UNIFI_Open_Science_and_Data_Action_Programme.pdf''Open Science and Data Action Programme'']. 

=Glossary=
{{Term|Tutkimusaineisto}}
{{Term|Tutkimusdata}}
{{Term|Metadata}}
{{Term|Tutkimusdatan avoimuus}}
{{Term|Tutkimusdatan hyvä ja vastuullinen hallinta}} 

=Policy working group=

*Minna Ala-Mantila, CSC – IT Center for Science
*Nina Edgren-Henrichson, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Pamela Gustavsson, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Kaisa Hakkila, University of Turku
*Anne Holappa, The Finnish Copyright Society 
*Outi Hupaniittu, The Finnish Literature Society
*Nina Järviö, The Finnish Federation of Learned Societies (secretary –03/2020) 
*Meri-Tuulia Kaarakainen, University of Turku
*Miki Kallio, University of Oulu
*Anu Kantola, Natural Resources Institute in Finland 
*Liisa Karlsson, University of Helsinki
*Olli-Pekka Kaurahalme, University of Turku
*Joona Koiranen, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 
*Tuija Korhonen, University of Helsinki
*Mari Elisa (MEK) Kuusniemi, University of Helsinki/Tuuli
*Hanna Lahdenperä, The Finnish Federation of Learned Societies (secretary. 05/2020–) 
*Heidi Laine, CSC – IT Center for Science
*Kristina Linnovaara, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Riku Louhimo, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Juuso Marttila, University of Jyväskylä
*Juhani Naskali, University of Turku
*Anssi Neuvonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 
*Maria Niku, The Finnish Literature Society
*Tiina Nokkala, Turku University of Applied Sciences
*Elina Nurminen, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 
*Susanna Nykyri, Tampere University
*Turkka Näppilä, Tampere University
*Rainer Oesch, University of Helsinki
*Pekka Orponen, Aalto University & FCRD (chairperson –05/2020) 
*Seliina Päällysaho, Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences
*Antti Pursula, CSC – IT Center for Science 
*Maria Rehbinder, Aalto University
*Mari Riipinen, University of Turku
*Sulevi Riukulehto, The Ruralia Institute, University of Helsinki 
*Tomi Rosti, University of Eastern Finland (chairperson 05/2020–) 
*Matti Ruuskanen, University of Turku
*Toni Saari, University of Eastern Finland 
*Jussi Salmi, University of Turku
*Nina-Mari Salminen, Natural Resource Center Finland 
*Hannele Seppälä, Finnish Education Evaluation Centre 
*Janne Seppänen, University of Jyväskylä
*Tiina Sipola, University of Oulu 
*Anne Sunikka, Aalto University 
*Anna Suorsa, University of Oulu
*Ville Tenhunen, University of Helsinki, Center for Information Technology 
*Heidi Troberg, University of Vaasa, Tritonia
*Antti Tuomi-Nikula, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

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{{#scite:Materials-footnote-1
 |type=footnote
 |text=The FAIR principles refer to the quality of research data from the viewpoint of further use. The goal of the principles is to make research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable. See Glossary.
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-2
 |type=footnote
 |text=The goal of responsible research and innovation is to encourage operators to produce ethically acceptable, sustainable and societally interesting research and innovation outputs. See RRI Tools: What does RRI mean? [https://rri-tools.eu/research-community RRI Tools]. 
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-3
 |type=footnote
 |text=UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science (2021).[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379949.locale=en].
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-4
 |type=footnote
 |text=Ayris, Paul; López de San Román, Alea; Maes, Katrien; Labastida, Ignasi: Open Science and its Role in Universities: [https://www.leru.org/publications/open-science-and-its-role-in-universities-a-road-map-for-cultural-change A Roadmap for Cultural Change], League of European Research Universities, 2018; [https://doi.org/10.2777/1524 Turning FAIR into Reality. Final report and action plan from the European Commission expert group on FAIR data], Directorate General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, 2018. See also Lawrence, Rebecca; Mendez, Eva: Progress on open science: [https://doi.org/10.2777/00139 Towards a shared research knowledge system. Final report of the open science policy platform]. Directorate General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, 2020.
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-5
 |type=footnote
 |text=Springer Nature: [https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/data-availability-statements "Data Availability Statements"].
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-6
 |type=footnote
 |text=[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374409.locale=en.page=10 First draft of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science].
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-7
 |type=footnote
 |text=Science Europe: [https://www.scienceeurope.org/media/jezkhnoo/se_rdm_practical_guide_final.pdf Practical Guide to the International Alignment of Research Data Management], 2018.
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-8
 |type=footnote
 |text=TRans, J and Whyte, A. (2017). [https://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/how-guides Using RISE, the Research Infrastructu-re Self-Evaluation Framework]. Digital Curation Centre, Edinburgh.
}}

{{#scite:Materials-footnote-9
 |type=footnote
 |text=The Research community is defined according to [https://doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995251 the Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025 (2020, 5)] määritelmää.
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-10
 |type=footnote
 |text=[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374409.locale=en.page=10 First draft of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science].
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-11
 |type=footnote
 |text=[https://tieteentermipankki.fi/wiki/Nimitys:tutkimusaineiston_metadata].
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-12
 |type=footnote
 |text=Ball, A. (2014). [http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/how-guides "How to License Research Data]. DCC How-to Guides. Edinburgh: Digital Curation Centre.
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-13
 |type=footnote
 |text=[https://www.fsd.tuni.fi/fi/palvelut/aineistonhallinta/ Aineistonhallinnan käsikirja]. Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive. urn:nbn:fi:fsd:V-201504200001 (Retrieved 11.1.2021).
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-14
 |type=footnote
 |text=European Commission, DG Research & Innovation (2016). [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/oa_pilot/h2020-hi-oa-data-mgt_en.pdf Guidelines on Fair Data Management in Horizon 2020].
}}
{{#scite:Materials-footnote-15
 |type=footnote
 |text=FORCE11 Group: [https://www.force11.org/fairprinciples Guiding Principles for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable Data Publishing].
}}
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