Open research data and methods
Executive summary
THIS POLICY FOR OPEN ACCESS to Research Data and Methods supports the "Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025" and its overarching principle that research should be as open as possible and as closed as necessary. This policy builds on extensive national and international work and dialogue. It has been drawn up by the Finnish research community and coordinated by National Coordination for Open Science and Research (the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies).
The policy focuses on the openness of research data, methods, and infrastructures. It views openness as an element of research "quality" and "impact" across the full life cycle of research and as an opportunity to advance global inclusivity in research. It considers research data and methods as independent research outputs, and generally encourages opening up the research process as early and widely as possible, and requests that limitations to openness should be justified. Existing frameworks, such as the "FAIR principles", can be used to regulate the level of openness for research data and various types of methods.
All fields of higher education and research are covered by this policy. The diversity across fields forms challenges for translating and implementing best practices. The policy emphasises general principles of responsible management of research resources, access to appropriate services, and responsible research evaluation. These guiding principles have been formulated as specific objectives and actions for researchers, research and funding organisations, and other actors. The Open Science Coordination at the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies will monitor the implementation and further development of this policy as part of the national open science monitoring programme.
Policy objective
Research data and methods are as open as possible and as closed as necessary. The data is managed appropriately with the aim of implementing the FAIR principles1. Research methods and research data are identified as independent research outputs.
Introduction
This Policy for Open Access to Research Data and Methods consists of two policy components that were published in 2021–2023 by the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies, and focus on research data and research methods and infrastructures, respectively. Openness and good management of research resources – including data, methods and infrastructures – support the key goals of research quality and impact. These broad concepts may emphasise different aspects in different disciplines. On a general level, openness allows broad dissemination and more efficient verification and reuse, increasing the availability, trustworthiness, and efficiency of research beyond traditional conventions2. This can be supported by the FAIR principles, which provide a systematic framework for defining and implementing the appropriate level of openness and for assessing it as part of responsible research evaluation. Openness can strengthen various aspects of research quality, including for instance integrity and credibility, reproducibility and verifiability, and translatability of research into new uses. These objectives are challenged by technical bottlenecks as well as the continuous, iterative processual nature of methods development and application, which is often inseparable from research and innovation. Increased openness can thus support the transparency of the entire research process. Openness can also increase the impact of research on research practice as well as on society at large, including for instance enhanced accessibility, transparency, speed, efficiency, or new opportunities for collaboration, development and innovation. Openness is thus a component of research quality and impact.
Researchers and research organisations (see Glossary) can benefit from openness based on increased visibility and impact of their work. Openness can remove barriers to access and promote inclusivity and equal access to knowledge worldwide by facilitating interdisciplinary research as well as global equality and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals3. It can advance collaborative knowledge creation and the emergence of new innovations. In order to implement equality both on a national and an international level, funders and research organisations should promote openness of research in an economically sustainable way. Open methods and infrastructures should be non-profit oriented but they may include minimal maintenance costs for research use. Organisations should encourage and support researchers in adopting and promoting open practices in all fields of research. This includes both technical support and resources as well as social aspects of recognition and incentives. Scholarly publishers and funders increasingly require that researchers provide open access to their data and methods in connection to good practices in the management of research resources. An example of this is Science Europe’s guideline "Practical Guide to the International Alignment of Research Data Management"4. Moreover, the development and adoption of improved citation practices concerning data, methods and infrastructures can further incentivize and support openness 5,6,7.
This policy builds on the extensive national and international work towards promoting the openness of research data, methods, and infrastructures. In line with international guidelines, this policy recommends that research and funding organisations, learned societies, publishers and editorial boards should adopt policies that require and advance open access to research.8,9. Relevant summaries of this work are, among others, "UNESCO recommendation on open science"10 (2022), "CERN open science policy"11 , "EU Open Science Policy"12, (2019), the plan drawn up by the Association of European Research Universities, "Open Science and its Role in Universities: A Roadmap for Cultural Change"13, (2018), the final report published by the European Commission, "Minimum conditions supporting research reproducibility"13, "Turning FAIR into Reality. Final report and action plan from the European Commission expert group on FAIR data", (2018), and "Six Recommendations for Implementation of FAIR Practice" (2020) 14,15. The operating environment is further shaped by current and future EU regulation on the openness of data, e.g. the Open Data Directive. The Finnish research community participates in the creation of common international practices in this swiftly growing and developing area and ensures that the Finnish policy reflects international development. Finnish operators actively participate in European and international work, e.g. in the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), the Research Data Alliance (RDA), International Science Council Committee on Data (CODATA) communities, and European research infrastructure work16. The Finnish research community participates actively in a dialogue where it can support the openness of research and contribute to the creation of practical solutions in national and international cooperation.
This policy generally encourages researchers and research organisations to open up the research process – including data, methods and infrastructures – as early and widely as possible[CiteRef::Materials-footnote-17]],17. Early dissemination can help researchers to establish priority and to receive timely feedback to improve the work, thus increasing the overall research quality and impact. As a general rule, researchers should justify limitations to the openness of data and methods underlying published research and expert statements, and not limit openness more than necessary.
Freedom of research and the responsibility of the researcher
This policy supports the principles of open science as well as researchers’ freedom and possibilities to distribute and utilise research-based knowledge across the full life cycle of research. Researchers and research organisations are responsible for carrying out and disseminating research of the best possible quality and impact, and they have the right and freedom to choose the approaches that best serve these goals. This includes responsible management and openness of data, methods and infrastructures, which must be evaluated in the context of the research domain and lifecycle. As an element of research quality and impact, openness is therefore compatible with the freedom of research and the intellectual and other rights of a researcher. 18
Responsible openness is an essential aspect of research integrity19,20. Open research practices raise significant questions related to research integrity and legislation. These may imply restrictions, of which researchers and others working with the management of research data, methods, and infrastructures must be aware. Whereas legislative, ethical, contractual or other restrictions and ambiguities can limit openness, good research practice justifies such limitations. Limitations to openness should not be justified merely by established traditions, and funders and research organisations should generally encourage and support the adoption of good open research practices across fields21,22.
The Finnish legislation supports broad availability of research data and methods for commercial purposes23,24. Open research data, methods and infrastructures provide new opportunities for governmental and industrial actors to benefit from research. This policy supports national recommendations for open science 25 in collaboration with non-academic partners, including governmental and non-governmental organisations, companies, and commercialization26. Limitations on commercial use are not compliant with the open source definition; non-commercial clauses in open licences do not qualify as open access and shall be generally avoided27. Industrial collaboration, commercialization, and other development and innovation activities may, however, also create the need and justification to limit the level of openness28 . Researchers are hence responsible for seeking solutions that are compatible with the overarching principle “"as open as possible, as closed as necessary"”, and research organisations should provide the necessary support and incentives for the responsible opening of research resources.
Funders and research organisations should evaluate openness according to the guidelines on responsible research evaluation29,30,31,32 based on the overall research quality and impact. Recognizing the diversity of research and paying attention to variations in the type, life-cycle, and role of data and methods in different disciplines are critical factors in responsible evaluation33. The different roles related to the development and use of open practices at different stages of research should be recognized, and merit mechanisms can be designed to reward operators at different levels from individuals to teams, units, and entire organisations.
Risks and threats
The responsible management of research acknowledges that opening up research resources and combining proprietary and open platforms brings up juridical (e.g. contractual) questions as well as the legal protection of researchers and research subjects. Choosing the appropriate degree of openness should be well informed. When there are ethical, legal, or other transparent and justifiable limitations that prevent the opening of data, methods or infrastructures, it is important to describe the resources as transparently as possible, for instance by releasing metadata or other descriptions of the research design. Access to clear definitions, guidelines and support services that take into account discipline-specific differences and economic sustainability can facilitate the openness of research. Researchers may face risks of declining funding and publishing difficulties if research data and methods cannot be opened as planned.
Certain types of research data or methods can be openly used based on established community norms . However, researchers and research organisations can remarkably increase the level of openness and clarify the reuse rights by granting explicit permissions for reuse. In some fields, this can be achieved through open licences, allowing the sharing of derivative versions of source code, software, or protocols, for instance . The concept of ownership may vary across research fields, however; in some fields, sharing and reuse may be broadly allowed by community norms rather than explicit licences or permissions. Researchers may also find it challenging to define the boundary between protection and these issues can be beyond the expertise of an individual researcher. The FAIR principles can be used to set the balance between openness and protection of data and methods when necessary.
A Data Management Plan (DMP) is a tool required by many research funders and research organisations. It supports the systematic planning, definition, and management of the level of openness of data, methods, and infrastructures, starting from the early stages of the research life cycle, and it should be actively maintained and updated as necessary during research. A DMP facilitates risk assessment, and it includes accessible justifications for possible limitations to the level of openness. The research community, together with the research ethical committees , could benefit from the development of general guidelines on how the openness of data, methods and infrastructures can be advanced as part of responsible research and reconciled with the other aspects of research integrity, such as the need to protect research subjects or control dual use of technology, for instance. The advancement of open research practices also relies on the available resources. The lack of resources, skills, services or infrastructures may challenge open practices. Researchers should have the necessary skills and support to apply open research practices. Research organisations must secure the availability of sufficient support, incentives, and resources for opening up data, methods, and infrastructures in a way that respects the work and equality of the researchers, and facilitates efficient and collaborative knowledge creation. The implementation of responsible conduct of research and good management of research resources requires resources and economic incentives targeted towards research organisations during the entire lifecycle of research and across all levels of education. Organisations in different roles should commit to the development and maintenance of such resources; a parallel investment in services will promote more efficient utilisation of the resources and create savings.
Structure and background of the policy
This policy has been drawn up by the Finnish research community. The progress has been the responsibility of two working groups assembled by the expert group on open data at the National Coordination for Open Science and Research (the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies). The work has been directed by the National Open Science and Research Steering Group. The policy supports the Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025.
1000px | alt=A pyramid represents the policy strucuture with the Declaration for open science and research at the top. The next level consists of policies and the base is recommendations. The policy level mentions the following: Policy on open access to scholarly publications, Policy on open education and educational resources, and Polic on the culture of open scholarship. The focus is on the Policy on open access to research data and methods, which consists of strategic principles and the policy components on open access to research data and open access to research methods.
Figure 1. National policy work for open science and research. The national declaration for open science and research is complemented by specific policies and further guidelines in the form of recommendations. The policy on open access to research data and methods consists of two policy components that cover research data and research methods and infrastructures, respectively.
This policy consists of general strategic principles and the two policy components in which more specific objectives and actions have been outlined. The strategic principles describe general preconditions for the pursuit of open access to research data, methods and infrastructures. They formulate principles that are important for the research community and must be adhered to when implementing openness. The specific objectives listed in the policy components comprise more time-bound and measurable objectives to support and advance openness. The objectives are accompanied by concrete actions that are required to achieve the objectives. The changing international environment affects the objectives and the related actions more quickly than the principles. The relevant vocabulary differs across research fields and the terms, definitions, and translations vary greatly in legislation and context. The Glossary (see Appendix 1) clarifies key terminology and aims to support the overall readability and comprehensibility of this policy document.
Implementation and monitoring
The implementation of this policy is the responsibility of the entire Finnish research community, and the policy will come into effect gradually. The policy component on open access to research data was completed in spring 2021, and the policy component on research methods in 2023. The entire policy, including the two policy components, will be reviewed no later than 2025.
The evaluation of the implementation of this policy should embrace the diversity across research fields while encouraging early, broad, and responsible openness and long-term availability. Research organisations should support researchers in implementing this policy, and disseminating and adopting good practices across disciplines. Research data and methods can be also considered as independent research outputs that can support the overall research quality and impact. The monitoring of the implementation of the policy is the responsibility of the Open Science Coordination at the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies. It is the Coordination’s responsibility to support and promote continuous discussion in order to reach the objectives and to keep the policy up to date. The monitoring mechanisms for the openness of research data, methods and infrastructures will be part of the national open science monitoring programme that is being developed.
Strategic principles
Principle 1: Responsible management of research data and methods
Research data and methods shall be managed, opened and used responsibly and appropriately.
Ensuring the realisation and monitoring of the principle:
- Baseline: Responsible management of research data and methods is the most important prerequisite for openness. The research community has identified deficiencies in its practices.
- Continuous monitoring: Continuous monitoring will be carried out as part of the national monitoring of open science and research.
Principle 2: Data management infrastructures and services
Researchers have access to infrastructures and services that enable responsible data management, and these are developed further in an economically sustainable way, taking into account the researchers’ needs.
Ensuring the realisation and monitoring of the principle:
- Baseline review: During 2021, the Open Science Coordination will, in cooperation with the research organisations and service providers, specify a minimum level of research data management infrastructures and services.
- Continuous monitoring:: No later than 2022, the Open Science Coordination will draw up an evaluation templateMaterials-footnote-8 for future use in organisations as an evaluation tool in regular self-evaluation. Continuous monitoring will be carried out as part of the national monitoring of open science and research.
Principle 3: Incentives for opening of research data and methods
The researcher’s merits in the promotion of good data management, work related to research data and methods, and the appropriate opening of research data and methods are valued and can support the researcher’s career.
Ensuring the realisation and monitoring of the principle:
- Baseline: No later than 2022, the Open Science Coordination will draw up a recommendation on good practices, i.e. how the promotion of good data management, work related to research data, and the opening of research data shall be considered in the researcher’s work, and how these merits will be evaluated.
- Continuous monitoring: Continuous monitoring will be carried out as part of the national monitoring of open science and research.
Open access to research data
This national policy component is the Finnish research community’s9 shared guideline for the advancement of open access to research data. The policy component does not include research methods as these will, in accordance with the policy structure, be discussed in a separate policy component. The policy component on open access to research data primarily concerns research data that has been produced or used as part of a research or development process as of 1 July 2021 and
- where the researcher is working in or is affiliated with a Finnish research organisation and/or working with funding by a Finnish research funding organisation
or
- where the research or development project involving the compilation or use of the research data takes place in a Finnish research organisation and/or is funded by a Finnish research funding organisation.
The objectives below do not take a position on how organisations decide matters, which means that research organisations are tasked with planning according to their own starting points.
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Objective 1: Data management plans
No later than 2023, data management plans have been drawn up as part of quality management for all starting research and development projects, taking into account the needs of different fields of science and the lifecycle of the research data.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Higher education institutions offer instructions, practices and training in data management planning. No later than 2022, higher education institutions will offer instructions, practices and training in the field of data management planning for students, researchers and other personnel.
- Data management plans covering the entire data lifecycle. No later than 2023, research organisations will include creation and maintenance of data management plans in their research and service processes at each stage of the data lifecycle.
- Thesis supervisors are able to evaluate and comment on data management plans. No later than 2024, higher education institutions will ensure that thesis supervisors are able to evaluate and comment on data management plans as part of their supervisory work.
- Research organisations support research planning in data management. No later than 2022, research organisations support research planning so as to ensure preparedness for sufficient resourcing and costs of data management and its support.
- data management training included in curricula. Higher education institutions include data management training in their curricula for basic and further education when curricula are updated.
- Monitoring to ensure good and responsible data management practices. No later than 2024, research organisations have developed monitoring to ensure implementation of good and responsible data management practices.
- Regularly updated data policies. No later than 2022, research organisations have regularly updated data policies.
Objective 2: Operating models for all rights, terms and licenses
No later than 2022, research organisations apply operating models with which all rights, terms and licenses related to the use of research data can be clearly agreed between all participants in research work.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Recommendations on the legal questions in agreements. During 2021, the Open Science Coordination will produce a report on the legal questions related to open science. Recommendations on the content of agreements will be created in co-operation with the Finnish research community.
- Basic principles for the agreements on the rights and responsibilities. In 2021, research organisations have basic principles concerning the agreements on the rights and responsibilities related to research data. Advice and guidance are available for special cases.
- Instructions on licensing and commercialisation. In 2021, research funding organisations and research organisations will instruct researchers either to appropriately license research data to be opened or to guarantee the societal impact of the research outputs through commercialisation.
- Guidelines for the reuse of research data produced with public funding. In 2021, research funding organisations and research organisations will instruct researchers on licensing according to the requirements of legislation on the reuse of research data produced with public funding.
- Education and/or training and advice on rights and licences. In 2021, research organisations will offer education and/or training and advice on rights related to research data and open science licenses.
Objective 3: Documentation supports FAIR research data
No later than 2022, research data produced in starting research and development projects have been documented so that the documentation supports the opening, re-use, findability, interoperability and accessibility of research data.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Research organisations support researchers in metadata production. No later than 2022, research organisations support researchers in the production of metadata through support services and incentives.
- Training and support for documenta-tion of research data. No later than 2022, research organisations will offer training and support as well as tools for documentation of research data to various target groups, taking into account the skills development of the target groups, the needs of various fields of science, and the lifecycle of the research.
- Prepareations for the documentation costs. In 2021, research organisations support research planning so that research projects are able to prepare for the documentation costs of research data.
- Specification of indicators for open science. No later than 2022, the working group for open science and research monitoring will specify indicators for open science.
- Research organisations utilise suitable indicators. No later than 2023, research organisations will utilise suitable indicators with which they monitor their progress in good data management as part of the quality system.
Objective 4: Storage solution, infrastructure, and services
No later than 2022, a storage solution, infrastructure, and services have been created for research data. These are appropriate for good data management and take into account the lifecycle of research data.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Revision of the existing services as part of the national architecture work and initiatation of development measures in organisations. In 2021, Finnish research organisations will review the existing services as part of the national architecture work. The organisations will, on their part, initiate necessary development measures and promote the use of national and international services.
- Instructions and sufficient support services in data managemetn. No later than 2022, research organisations, in co-operation with national and international operators, will produce and provide instructions and sufficient support services for researchers and research groups in order to enable data storage and publication in accordance with the principles of good data management.
- Not for profit-oriented research data infrastructures. The research community will ensure that the key open research data infrastructures are not pro-fit-orientedMaterials-footnote-10.
Objective 5: Operating model to utilise expertise and multi-professional cooperation
No later than 2022, research organisations apply an operating model according to which expertise and multi-professional cooperation is utilised for the development of training, skills, and required data management services. The operating model cannot be restricted to the research data to be opened. Good data management requires the management of the entire lifecycle, regardless of the end result.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Skills and services development in national and international cooperation. The research community develops the structures and content for skills and services in national and international cooperation.
- Impartial training in good data management in research organisations. In 2021, research organisations will offer, independently or in co-operation, training in good data management according to the needs of their community for researchers, teachers, supervisors and support personnel at all career stages.
- Description of required expert roles. No later than 2023, research organisations will describe required expert roles in co-operation on a national level and create possible career paths for them.
- Expert training development as part of students' course selection. Higher education institutions will develop expert training as part of their course selection for students.
Policy component 2: Open access to research methods and infrastructures
Objectives and actions
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| Name (fi) | Tutkimusmenetelmien ja -infrastruktuurien avoin saatavuus |
| Name (sv) | Öppen tillgång till forskningsmetoder och -infrastrukturer |
| Name (en) | Open access to research methods and infrastructures |
| Description (fi) | Tässä osalinjauksessa esitetään tutkimusmenetelmien ja -infrastruktuurien avoimuutta koskevia suosituksia tutkimusorganisaatioille, infrastruktuurien tarjoajille, rahoittajille, julkaisijoille, tutkimusyhteisölle ja muille toimijoille. |
| Description (sv) | Denna delpolicy innehåller allmänna rekommendationer om öppen tillgång till forskningsmetoder och -infrastrukturer för forskningsorganisationer, infrastrukturleverantörer, finansiärer, utgivare, forskningssamfundet och andra aktörer. |
| Description (en) | This policy component provides general recommendations for the openness of research methods and infrastructures for research organisations, infrastructure providers, funders, publishers, the research community, and other operators. |
| Field | Domain:Data |
| Validity start | 2023 |
| Validity End | 2025 |
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Objective 1: Quality and impact
By 2023, open research methods and infrastructures are recognised as key components of research quality and impact.Research evaluation and incentives do not sufficiently reflect the importance of open methods and infrastructures. It is therefore necessary to develop more systematic means to recognise openness of methods and infrastructures.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Indicators. No later than 2023, the Secretariat for Open Science and Research will, together with research organisations and the research community, initiate the creation of indicators and minimum requirements to monitor the implementation of this policy based on internationally recognised metrics of responsible research evaluation.
- Discipline-specific recommendations. No later than 2023, the Secretariat for Open Science and Research will, together with research organisations and the research community, initiate assessment of the need to create additional discipline-specific recommendations and minimum information standards for specific topics, such as qualitative and mixed methods research, algorithms and software, research infrastructures, or other topics, in order to complement and support this policy.
- International dialogue. No later than 2023, the Secretariat for Open Science and Research will participate in international dialogue on the creation of recommendations on how to strengthen the documentation, citations and acknowledgment of research methods and infrastructures as independent research outputs.
- Planning to develop resources, incentives and merit mechanisms. No later than 2024, research organisations and funding organisations will initiate planning to develop resources, incentives and merit mechanisms, together with the national and international research community as well as the steering group on responsible research evaluation in Finland, to support the objectives of this policy in responsible research evaluation.
Objective 2: Open research methods
By 2024, research organisations and infrastructure providers support open research methods. Opening up research methods and infrastructures requires dedicated knowledge, skills, and resources. It is necessary to systematically assess the need to develop the current policies, training and services, and strengthen the openness of methods and infrastructures in routine research practice.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Open science architecture. No later than 2023, the national open science architecture will include research methods and their open access policies, services and infrastructures as well as the development of related skills.
- Current status of research infrastructures and services. No later than 2024, research organisations and infrastructure providers will, in national cooperation, review the current status of their research infrastructures and services for open research methods in relation to the national open science architecture and initiate further actions in order to fulfill the identified gaps.
- Support and recommendations for training and services. No later than 2024, research organisations will provide support and recommendations for training and services for students, researchers and other personnel on open research methods and open research infrastructures according to their capabilities and in cooperation with the relevant stakeholders. Openness will be considered as a factor in the purchase and development of services and products for research.
- Data management plans. No later than 2024, the DMP consortium will support this policy by strengthening the incorporation of open research methods and infrastructures in the research project Data Management Plan (DMP).
- Expert roles. No later than 2025, research organisations will describe expert roles in open methods and infrastructures according to their needs and in co-operation on a national level. They will assess the opportunities for creating specialised career paths in this area.
Objective 3: Agreeing on rights and terms
By 2025, the rights and terms related to research methods and infrastructures are clearly agreed on between all participants in research work.
Actions required to achieve the objective:
- Drafting recommendations and guidelines. No later than 2023, the Secretariat for Open Science and Research will, together with research organisations and the research community, initiate the establishment of recommendations and guidelines for documenting the rights, terms, and licences supporting the openness of research methods and infrastructures
- Ethical guidelines. No later than 2024, the Secretariat for Open Science and Research will initiate discussion with the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity on the possibility of developing general guidelines and recommendations for reconciling open access to research data, methods, and infrastructures with other elements of research integrity.
- Guidelines for agreements. No later than 2025, research and funding organisations, in cooperation with the Finnish research community, have set up national guidelines to advance clear and unambiguous agreements on the rights and responsibilities related to open research methods and infrastructures.
Literature
International sources
Ayris, Paul; López de San Román, Alea; Maes, Katrien; Labastida, Ignasi (2018): Open Science and its Role in Universities: A Roadmap for Cultural Change. League of European Research Universities (LERU).
Ball, A. (2014). DCC How-to Guides: How to License Research Data. Digital Curation Centre, Edinburgh.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission (2018): Turning FAIR into Reality. Final report and action plan from the European Commission expert group on FAIR data. doi.org/10.2777/1524.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission (2018): Prompting an EOSC in Practice. Final report and recommendations of the Commission 2nd High Level Expert Group on the European Open Science Cloud. doi.org/10.2777/112658.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission (2016): Guidelines on Fair Data Management in Horizon 2020.
FORCE11 Group: Guiding Principles for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable Data Publishing.
Rans, J and Whyte, A. (2017). Using RISE, the Research Infrastructure Self-Evaluation Framework. Digital Curation Centre, Edinburgh.
RDA FAIR Data Maturity Model Working Group (2020): FAIR Data Maturity Model: specification and guidelines. Research Data Alliance. doi.org/10.15497/RDA00045.
RRI-Practice: “What is RRI?”. https://www.rri-practice.eu/about-rri-practice/what-is-rri/.
Science Europe (2018): “Practical Guide to the International Alignment of Research Data Management”.
Springer Nature: “Data Availability Statements”.
UK Concordat on Open Research Data (2016).
UNESCO (2020). First draft of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science.
Finnish sources
Data Management Guidelines. Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive (maintenance and production). urn:nbn:fi:fsd:V-201504200001.
Finnish Committee for Research Data (2018): Tracing Data: Data citation roadmap for Finland.
Fuchs, S. & Kuusniemi, M. E. (2018): Making a research project understandable – Guide for data documentation. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1914401.
Open Science Coordination in Finland, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (2019): Open access to scholarly publications. National Policy and executive plan by the research community in Finland for 2020–2025 (1): Policy component for open access to journal and conference articles. Responsible Research Series 3:2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995343.
Open Science Coordination in Finland, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (2020): Declaration for Open Science and Research 2020–2025. Responsible Research Series 3:2020. DOI: doi.org/10.23847/isbn.9789525995251.
Parland-von Essen, J., Fält, K., Maalick, Z., Alonen, M., & Gonzalez, E. (2018). Supporting FAIR data: Categorization of research data as a tool in data management. Informaatiotutkimus, 37(4). doi.org/10.23978/inf.77419.
Tuuli Project (2019): Additional instructions for planning the management of sensitive and confidential data. [Zenodo] doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247282.
UNIFI (2018): Open Science and Data Action Programme.
Glossary
- Not found Tutkimusaineisto
Research data: Research data is material collected, detected, measured or created to confirm hypotheses and verify research results. Research data can usually be in digital format but also in analogue or physical format (e.g., laboratory journals).
Metadata: Metadata or descriptive information refers to the context, content and structure, management and/or processing of research data and information describing and summarising its compilation.
Research data openness: For the purposes of this policy, research data openness, refers to the findability, accessibility, usability and shareability of research data for other researchers. Open access to research data requires good and responsible data management. Reuse of research data is supported through licenses, or its use may require an appropriate research permit. The responsible processing of research data that contains personal information or is sensitive or confidential requires the researcher to comply with both legislation and good practices in research integrity. In such cases, however, it is often possible to open the metadata of the research data and to provide other researchers with the opportunity to access the data through a separate agreement on the transfer.
Good and responsible research data management: For the purposes of this policy, good management means that research data and the related metadata has been “created, saved and organised so that the research data remains usable and reliable, and that data security and privacy are ensured throughout the lifecycle of the research data”. In addition, good research data management in the very context of open science means that the principle of “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”, the FAIR principles and the principle of responsibility are taken into account at all stages of the research process. Good research data management is a necessary prerequisite for open access. Evaluation of good research data management is based on the following viewpoints:
- According to the principle “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”, data that can be opened for access and reuse must be opened. Correspondingly, data which cannot be opened and shared must be protected and safely stored. It is ultimately the researcher’s responsibility to determine which group the research data falls into. Refraining from opening data always requires justification.
- The FAIR principles refer to the quality of research data from the view-point of its further use. The principles aim to make research data
- Findable
- Accessible
- Interoperable
- Reusable
- Research data and metadata complying with the FAIR principles are semantically interoperable, i.e. they must be structured, described, tagged and licensed well enough, as well as stored safely, to be findable and machine readable. In most areas, it is not yet possible to create data that is fully compliant with the FAIR principles due to lack of skills and services or due to the nature of the data.
- For the purposes of this policy, responsible data management refers to:
- knowledge of and compliance with the principles of the field of research
- knowledge of and compliance with the principles of research integrity
- knowledge of and compliance with legislation
- knowledge of and compliance with the principles of data security and privacy
- Responsible research data management is a prerequisite for all forms of data openness. Responsible data management requires that the data and metadata are managed in a way that is compliant with data security, privacy and research integrity. Responsible data management and the possibility for opening research data it entails are part of responsible conduct of research.
Policy working group
- Minna Ala-Mantila, CSC – IT Center for Science
- Nina Edgren-Henrichson, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Pamela Gustavsson, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Kaisa Hakkila, University of Turku
- Anne Holappa, The Finnish Copyright Society
- Outi Hupaniittu, The Finnish Literature Society
- Nina Järviö, The Finnish Federation of Learned Societies (secretary –03/2020)
- Meri-Tuulia Kaarakainen, University of Turku
- Miki Kallio, University of Oulu
- Anu Kantola, Natural Resources Institute in Finland
- Liisa Karlsson, University of Helsinki
- Olli-Pekka Kaurahalme, University of Turku
- Joona Koiranen, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
- Tuija Korhonen, University of Helsinki
- Mari Elisa (MEK) Kuusniemi, University of Helsinki/Tuuli
- Hanna Lahdenperä, The Finnish Federation of Learned Societies (secretary. 05/2020–)
- Heidi Laine, CSC – IT Center for Science
- Kristina Linnovaara, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland Riku Louhimo, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Juuso Marttila, University of Jyväskylä
- Juhani Naskali, University of Turku
- Anssi Neuvonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
- Maria Niku, The Finnish Literature Society
- Tiina Nokkala, Turku University of Applied Sciences
- Elina Nurminen, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
- Susanna Nykyri, Tampere University
- Turkka Näppilä, Tampere University
- Rainer Oesch, University of Helsinki
- Pekka Orponen, Aalto University & FCRD (chairperson –05/2020)
- Seliina Päällysaho, Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences
- Antti Pursula, CSC – IT Center for Science
- Maria Rehbinder, Aalto University
- Mari Riipinen, University of Turku
- Sulevi Riukulehto, The Ruralia Institute, University of Helsinki
- Tomi Rosti, University of Eastern Finland (chairperson 05/2020–)
- Matti Ruuskanen, University of Turku
- Toni Saari, University of Eastern Finland
- Jussi Salmi, University of Turku
- Nina-Mari Salminen, Natural Resource Center Finland
- Hannele Seppälä, Finnish Education Evaluation Centre
- Janne Seppänen, University of Jyväskylä
- Tiina Sipola, University of Oulu
- Anne Sunikka, Aalto University
- Anna Suorsa, University of Oulu
- Ville Tenhunen, University of Helsinki, Center for Information Technology
- Heidi Troberg, University of Vaasa, Tritonia
- Antti Tuomi-Nikula, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
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