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=Open access to scholarly publications=
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== Introduction==

'''Openness is a part of responsible research. Openness is one of the core values of science and research. The objective of immediate open access to researched information is to improve the quality of science and increase its social impact. The policy for open access to scholarly publications was created to serve these primary objectives of research.'''

This policy is a powerful statement in favour of openness in the Finnish research community for the next five years.

The objective of the policy is to guarantee that the research community and those applying research information in practice have access to researched information in a way that has never before been possible. The policy of open access to scholarly publications defines the principles, objectives and actions. By committing and promoting these the research community in Finland can achieve equal access to researched information. The current culture of publishing does not treat parties equally and the costs are not distributed fairly. At the same time, many research organisations can no longer afford to pay for access to key scholarly publications.

This policy is applicable in all research fields and in diverse research organisations. The efforts of independent organisations to increase open access are supported through the policy’s actions and principles.

=== Freedom of the researcher ===
This policy is a result of collaboration within the Finnish research community, constituting a shared view of the direction open access to scholarly publications should take. Its goal is to achieve open access in a way that supports and increases the researcher’s freedom and opportunities to share researched information. The researcher’s duty is to conduct research of the best possible quality. Researchers should primarily be able to choose a publication channel that best suits their work. The research community should guarantee the incentives and structures for open scholarly publishing in a way that supports the work and equality of researchers. This policy guarantees that Finnish researchers will be competitive in the international arena and ensures that they will not be faced with contradictory requirements between career rewards and open access.

=== International transformation ===
Fundamentally, this policy aligns with the international developments and existing policies. In particular, the recommendations of the Open Science Policy Platform, the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), the Competitiveness Council’s decision in 2016 that all scientific publications should be openly accessible by 2020, the OA2020 Initiative, the European Commission’s objectives for open access, and Plan S for research funders (2019) are shaping the future of open access on the international stage.

With this policy, the key research organisations located in Finland are making a commitment to promoting open access to research in Europe and aiming to be at the forefront of promoting open access.

The development of open access is closely connected with a wider transformation taking place in research, which is changing funding structures and roles in the scientific publishing field as well as the way researchers are rewarded. The principles and objectives of this policy on open access to scholarly publications both reflect and further this transformation. This policy can only be applied if the operating culture of the research community is transformed at the same time. For this reason, this policy refers to other policies and recommendations and emphasises the close connections between them.

=== Risks and threats ===
This policy involves identified risks. Researchers in different research fields have been worried about the lack of high-quality openly accessible publication channels and about the unrealistic timetables. These concerns are understandable.

In particular, the unwillingness of large international publishers to negotiate reasonably priced agreements for achieving immediate open access is a real threat. Likewise, the publishing costs paid by the research organisations, when acquiring material, should not increase to an extent that the cost weakens the financial position of the organisations, leaving them unable to afford other means of supporting open access.

During the transition phase, there is also a risk that the overall costs will increase and researchers will have fewer opportunities to publish their research in their preferred channel. It may also become more difficult to determine overall costs if the payment of fees is left to individual researchers – as a result, actual costs could increase unnoticed. Increasing costs could reduce equal opportunities for researchers to publish their work with open access. At the same time, changing structures call for a major dialogue on the direction and responsibilities of funding, also in the case of Finnish publications.

=== Collaboration and trust ===
At the core of the policy work is our trust that the common direction and joint actions will provide the best opportunity to achieve immediate open access for scholarly publications for the benefit of the research community and the society at large. We are not alone, as an increasing number of international actors and governments are setting open access as a key objective in their science policy. It is difficult to promote this important issue without ambitious goals.

The national strategic principles and objectives for open scholarly publishing have been formulated through collaboration between the Open Science National Steering Group in Finland and the Open Scholarly Publishing Expert Panel. In the case of journal and conference publications, two broad and open rounds of comments in February and May 2019 added significant input to the drafts of the policy and giving it a research community voice. These strategic principles and objectives will determine the shared direction of shared open scholarly publishing for the Finnish research community.

=== Structure of the policy ===
This policy is composed of principles and policy components, which determine objectives and actions. The principles define the general terms under which open scholarly publication should be sought. They consist of important principles for the research community that must be adhered to in the effort to achieve open access. The objectives are more time-dependent goals, which involve concrete actions. Objectives and their associated actions will respond to a changing international environment more readily than the principles.

=== Implementation and follow-up ===

The Open Science Coordination at the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (TSV) is responsible for following up on the implementation of the national policy for open access to scholarly publications. The Coordination is responsible for supporting and promoting continuous dialogue on how to achieve the objectives as well as for keeping the policy up to date. The policy will be reviewed in 2022.

During this policy period, the Ministry of Education and Culture will monitor the implementation of open access to scholarly publications through the National Research Information Hub. Every research organisation will provide information on its own publications at their chosen frequency, but no less often than once a year, to the VIRTA Publication Information Service when the Ministry of Education and Culture collects information on publications.

Many of the actions proposed in the policy build on existing work. In other words, the policy is strongly based on earlier solutions and shared responsibilities. However, it is also forward-looking as it includes actions that should be taken with a view to the future. For this reason, the many actions are recorded to start in 2020.

The policy period is 2020–2025. During this time the objective of the policy will be sought in stages by furthering the various actions, all the while taking into account the special characteristics of the different types of publications.

== Strategic principles and the associated responsibilities ==
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=Policy component for open access to journal and conference articles=
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= Glossary =
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{{Term|Pre-print}}
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{{Term|Suomalainen tutkimusyhteisö}}

= Sources =
*cOAlition S (2019): [https://www.coalition-s.org Plan S].
*[https://sfdora.org/ Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA)]
*EUE (2016): [https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/vaski/JulkaisuMeta-tieto/Documents/EDK-2016-AK-63128.pdf Competitiveness Council’s declaration that all scientific papers should be freely available by 2020.].
*European Commission (2018): [http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/integrated_advice_opspp_recommen-dations.pdf Open Science Policy Platform recommendations]. 
*European Commission (2018): [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32018H0790 Commission Recommendation (EU) 2018/790 of 25 April 2018 on access to and preservation of scientific information]. 
*[https://oa2020.org/ OA2020-Initiative]
*Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (2018): [https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_suositus_tekijyys.pdf Agreeing on authorship – Recommendation for research publications.].

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